Case converter

Title case in APA, Chicago or AP, sentence case, camelCase and more, with Turkish and German handled.

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Conversion options

  • Sentence case

    First word of each sentence capitalised

    Notes from a self-taught designer: what PDF files are made of

  • Title Case · APA

    Lowercase articles and conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer, unless first in the title or subtitle. Capitalise every word of four letters or more.

    Notes From a Self-Taught Designer: What PDF Files Are Made of

  • Title Case · Chicago

    Lowercase articles, and/but/for/or/nor, “to” and “as”, and prepositions of four letters or fewer. Always capitalise the first and last word.

    Notes from a Self-Taught Designer: What PDF Files Are Made Of

  • Title Case · AP

    Lowercase articles and conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer, unless first or last. Capitalise everything of four letters or more.

    Notes From a Self-Taught Designer: What PDF Files Are Made Of

  • UPPERCASE

    Every letter capitalised

    NOTES FROM A SELF-TAUGHT DESIGNER: WHAT PDF FILES ARE MADE OF

  • lowercase

    No capitals at all

    notes from a self-taught designer: what pdf files are made of

  • camelCase

    JavaScript variables and JSON keys

    notesFromASelfTaughtDesignerWhatPdfFilesAreMadeOf

  • PascalCase

    Class and component names

    NotesFromASelfTaughtDesignerWhatPdfFilesAreMadeOf

  • snake_case

    Python, Ruby and database columns

    notes_from_a_self_taught_designer_what_pdf_files_are_made_of

  • kebab-case

    URLs, CSS classes and file names

    notes-from-a-self-taught-designer-what-pdf-files-are-made-of

  • CONSTANT_CASE

    Constants and environment variables

    NOTES_FROM_A_SELF_TAUGHT_DESIGNER_WHAT_PDF_FILES_ARE_MADE_OF

  • aLtErNaTiNg

    Letters alternate, starting lower

    nOtEs FrOm A sElF-tAuGhT dEsIgNeR: wHaT pDf FiLeS aRe MaDe Of

  • iNVERSE

    Every letter swaps case

    NOTES FROM A SELF-TAUGHT DESIGNER: WHAT pdf FILES ARE MADE OF

In short

Every case is shown at once, each with its own copy button. Title case follows APA, Chicago (18th edition) or AP, and every conversion runs with an explicit language, so Turkish İ and German ß come out right on any machine.

What title case is

Capitalising the main words of a title and lowercasing the minor ones. Which words are minor depends on the style guide: APA lowercases conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer, AP does the same but always capitalises the last word, and Chicago since its 18th edition (2024) lowercases prepositions of up to four letters plus “to” and “as”.

What this tool does that others do not

  • Three title-case styles side by side

    APA, Chicago and AP each have their own result, so you can see where they disagree before you pick one. Hyphenated compounds and the first word after a colon follow each guide’s rule.

    “notes from a self-taught designer: what PDF files are made of” becomes “…Made of” in APA and “…Made Of” in Chicago and AP; Chicago alone keeps “from” lowercase.

  • Chicago’s 2024 change applied

    The 18th edition stopped lowercasing every preposition. Prepositions of five letters or more, such as “among”, “through” and “between”, are now capitalised. Many converters still apply the old rule.

    CMOS 17: “Disparities among Communities throughout the Nation”. CMOS 18: “Disparities Among Communities Throughout the Nation”.

  • Turkish İ and German ß handled

    Every conversion runs with an explicit language, never the browser’s. In Turkish, i becomes İ and I becomes ı. In German, ß uppercases to SS by default or to the capital ẞ allowed since 2017, which keeps the text reversible.

    “istanbul” uppercases to “ISTANBUL” under English rules and “İSTANBUL” under Turkish ones; “straße” becomes “STRASSE” or “STRAẞE”.

How to use it

  1. Paste the text

    Each line is converted on its own, so a list of headings stays a list. Every result updates as you type.

  2. Choose the language rules

    Leave English for most text. Choose Turkish or Azerbaijani for the dotted and dotless i, German for ß, or Dutch so IJ is capitalised as one letter.

  3. Decide about acronyms

    With Keep acronyms on, words already written as PDF, NASA or iPhone are left alone in sentence and title case. If the whole text is in capitals the tool cannot tell, and lowercases everything first.

  4. Copy the result you need

    Each result has its own copy button; the bar at the bottom copies, clears or downloads the original text.

Worked examples

Real input, real figures.

One headline, three style guides

You give it

working with the people behind a brand through 12 months of change

You get

APA and AP: “Working With the People Behind a Brand Through 12 Months of Change”. Chicago: “Working with the People Behind a Brand Through 12 Months of Change”, because “with” has four letters and “behind” and “through” have six and seven.

Code names from a heading

You give it

Total Order Value (EUR)

You get

camelCase totalOrderValueEur, snake_case total_order_value_eur, kebab-case total-order-value-eur and CONSTANT_CASE TOTAL_ORDER_VALUE_EUR: punctuation is dropped and the 4 words are kept.

Against a typical case converter

AspectThis toolA typical converter
Title-case stylesAPA, Chicago 18th edition and AP, shown togetherOne unnamed rule, or Chicago’s pre-2024 rule
Acronyms in sentence casePDF and NASA kept (a toggle)Lowercased to pdf and nasa
Turkish i and German ßExplicit language rulesThe browser’s default, which varies by machine
ResultsEvery case at once, each with its own copy buttonOne case at a time, replacing your text
Where your text goesNowhere; kept in this browserOften sent to a server

Guide

What it will not do

  • Title case works from word lists, not grammar. “Up” in “Give Up” is an adverb that the guides capitalise, but mid-title the tool lowercases it as a preposition. Check phrasal verbs.
  • Proper nouns cannot be detected. Sentence case turns “London” into “london” unless it starts a sentence, because only all-capital and mixed-case words such as NASA or McLaren are kept. Check names after converting.
  • The title-case styles are English style guides. German capitalises nouns and Turkish titles follow their own rules, so use sentence case for text in those languages.

The three title-case styles

The minor words each style lowercases, unless the word starts the title or subtitle.

StyleLowercaseLast wordSource
APAa, an, the, and, as, but, for, if, nor, or, so, yet, at, by, in, of, off, on, per, to, up, viaFollows the ruleAPA Style: Title case capitalization (Publication Manual, 7th ed., §6.17)
Chicagoa, an, the, and, but, for, or, nor, to, as, at, by, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, per, till, up, upon, via, with, amid, atop, down, untoAlways capitalisedThe Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed., 8.160 (and its Q&A on the change for prepositions)
APa, an, the, and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, if, as, at, by, in, of, off, on, out, per, to, up, viaAlways capitalisedAP Stylebook: composition titles

Hyphenated compounds: the first part is always capitalised, and later parts follow the same minor-word rule, so “self-report” becomes “Self-Report” and “up-to-date” becomes “Up-to-Date”. Chicago’s 18th edition also dropped its exception for prefixes, so “non-traditional” is “Non-Traditional” there too.

The word lists cannot know grammar. “Up” in “Give Up” is an adverb that all three guides capitalise; mid-title the tool reads it as a preposition and lowercases it. At the end of a title, Chicago and AP capitalise it anyway.

The Turkish i and the German ß

JavaScript’s toUpperCase() uses rules with no language, and toLocaleUpperCase()with no argument uses the browser’s language. The same English page therefore converts differently on a laptop set to Turkish. Every conversion here passes the language you chose.

InputDefault rulesWith the language set
istanbul → UPPERISTANBULİSTANBUL (Turkish)
IŞIK → lowerişikışık (Turkish)
straße → UPPERSTRASSESTRAẞE (German, capital ẞ on)
ijsselmeer → TitleIjsselmeerIJsselmeer (Dutch)

“STRASSE” cannot be turned back into “straße”, because “ss” is also correct German spelling. The capital ẞ (U+1E9E), allowed by the Council for German Orthography since 2017, keeps the round trip exact.

Questions people ask

Straight answers. Each one links directly: copy the address after opening it.

What words are not capitalised in title case?

It depends on the style. APA and AP lowercase articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions and prepositions of three letters or fewer, such as and, of, in and to. Chicago lowercases articles, and, but, for, or, nor, “to”, “as” and prepositions of up to four letters, such as with and from. All three capitalise the first word, and Chicago and AP also the last.

Is “with” capitalised in a title?

In APA and AP style, yes: they capitalise every word of four letters or more. In Chicago style, no: since the 18th edition (2024) Chicago lowercases prepositions of four letters or fewer, and “with” has four. “Without”, at seven letters, is capitalised in all three.

What is the difference between title case and sentence case?

Title case capitalises the main words (“A Guide to Colour in Print”). Sentence case capitalises only the first word and proper nouns, as in an ordinary sentence (“A guide to colour in print”). APA, for one, uses sentence case for article and book titles in its reference lists.

Do you capitalise the word after a colon in a title?

Yes, in all three styles: it starts the subtitle. APA also capitalises the word after an em dash. In “Colour: a primer”, title case gives “Colour: A Primer” in APA, Chicago and AP alike.

Why did my Turkish text come out wrong in another converter?

Because Turkish has a dotted and a dotless i, and uppercase i is İ, not I. A converter that uses the default rules, or the browser’s language, gets “istanbul” wrong as “ISTANBUL”. Choose Turkish under Language rules and the result is “İSTANBUL”, and “IŞIK” lowercases to “ışık”.